Science, Philosophy and Society

Subject: Science, Philosophy and Society Question: Do you realize you are not in the Matrix, and does it make a difference? From my understanding, I am not live in a reality, I live in a framework, for example, Matrix Philosophers and physicists were talked about a ton about the lattice that we live in, so and they gave considerably more thoughts regarding the PC recreation and a reality. From my perspective, we are completely live in the lattice, and the life isn't genuine that we live. I think the world is by one way or another like a framework and everything relies upon each other. What's more, I have enough clear reasons and guides to demonstrate that. So in the event that we think cautiously and coherently, we can concede that the existence we live in isn't genuine. Why?Let's think intelligently, about on the planet Earth that we live in. On the off chance that the moon was only somewhat further or closer away from our planet how that would influence and make a huge difference and in the event that we were further nearer to the sun how that would influence and make a huge difference and how our body has these mind boggling capacities process oxygen and daylight what it produces and we it's so confounded. What's more, how we make, so we have been made right everything that we make in our general public beginnings with an idea by our mind. The world we live in feels typical and common. It feels like this is exactly how people exist and consistently existed. Be that as it may, its not. As per my comprehension, our planet is going round its pivot, and we can not live on the planet than from the planet Earth. We are ensured by the layers of the sky, and we are given air and water for our lives, and we will do other significant things for make due without anyone else. For instance; we are making various sorts of physical and canny procedures to make things truly easer, and we are think up various sort of items to utilize; we develop various types of plans to eat. On the off chance that we don't do these things, we can not in any way, shape or form envision our lives. So from my understanding, it's much the same as a completely organized program, and we have this totally organized program, we need to play for alive and we have modified into this planet Earth. Perhaps my thoughts aren't right, yet think cautiously, that our cerebrum and body is such a totally organized framework. For instance; in the event that we smell, hear, eat, contact, or see anything, we can not say's everything genuine in light of the fact that all that we fell that naturally will impart signs to our fundamental framework which is cerebrum. So we can without much of a stretch say it is by one way or another like a framework. In the event that we don't have a cerebrum we can not feel by any means. Take a case of the stomach, and this is perplexing, for example, different creatures is works like a framework. So single cell of the 10000 trillions cells in our body really has its own knowledge, yes is it fantastic yet when we zoom it, we can see it like a universe.Furthermore, how would we realize that anything is exists how would we know there's a world outside my brain I glance around there a universe of vehicles and tables and trees and structures how do actually that any of it is genuine I consider none them is genuine, so why? Since, numerous things that we see and the physical items isn't to show us reality it is to conceal reality so we don't need to manage all that multifaceted nature and we have a little gorgeous sight for our species that let us do what we have to do to remain alive. So we can see just exterior and we can't see inside that things and as will as any sort of almost no things. We can just observe things less difficult, however it will look very surprising when we take a gander at it with minuscule, intently particular, and far off vicinity gadgets. For instance, we can't see microscopic organisms gliding noticeable all around, so a great many various types of microbes fly noticeable all around we relax. We can't bear to see little creepy crawlies and neither plants. So I appreciate that everything that we see isn't genuine. We see and feel this fact, however that doesn't mean we live, in actuality. We just observe tenth of what we see around us, this mean we just observe misrepresentation yet not real.I accept that all individuals are made by Allah and live in a reality. Also, I need to state a case of a book made by God, the book is called Quran. On the off chance that we take Islam from a strict perspective, in the event that we see the Quran which is 1400yrs old, despite everything makes reference to numerous realities which is we are not live, in actuality, for instance we can't see and feel any sort of the spirit and the noses, and this can't be seen by natural eyes, however creatures can see it and furthermore they can be seen on the camera pictures we are simply living in a framework that God has made, yet we can see genuine after we bite the dust. A few people may guarantee that the Quran was changed as new logical realities were found. In any case, this can't be the situation, since the Quran is safeguarded in it is unique language. A Quran was recorded and retained by individuals during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad.Thank you for your time.

How Does Poverty Cause Crime Criminology Essay

How Does Poverty Cause Crime Criminology Essay In the present article we will talk about the way that neediness causes wrongdoing. Neediness is an attribute of the financial circumstance of the individual or social gathering wherein they can't fulfill a specific scope of the base prerequisites required forever sparing ability.â Poverty is a relative idea and relies upon the general way of life in this general public. As indicated by specialists, not getting tolerable wages for their work, youngsters progressively lose the longing to wed, wed, have kids they are loaded with dread for tomorrow, not certain that tomorrow they won't be terminated in light of another money related emergency. What's more, low wages and absence of occupations, specialists state, are pushing youngsters to carry out violations so as to get rich quickly.â It is, thusly, among lawbreakers, builds the quantity of youths, matured 18 to 25 years. Destitution is a result of differing and interrelated reasons, which join into the accompanying gatherings: financial (joblessness, low wages, low efficiency, absence of intensity of the business); socio-clinical (handicap, mature age, significant levels of bleakness); Segment (parent families, countless wards in the family); financial (low degree of social assurances); instructive capabilities (a low degree of instruction, absence of preparing); political (military clash, constrained relocation); territorial geographic (lopsided advancement of districts). Too, current emergency causes individuals to respond and accomplish something, regardless of whether it is illicit, they begin carrying out a wrongdoing. Neediness causes numerous wrongdoings, as though an individual was not poor and had confidence in himself, he would not confront the idea that he should look through another approaches to get cash. Being poor, which could be brought about by various reasons, makes an individual troubled, unfit to acquire enough cash, to purchase anything he needs or possibly something important. Destitution decides a specific generalization in a people musings, and he doesn't perceive any valuable taking care of the issue, as he needs to pick the most effortless method of getting cash, in any event, hurting others. Destitution affects individuals, who become discouraged, frantic and afterward they choose to carry out a wrongdoing, as they have not discovered whatever can legitimately get them out of such circumstance. Such a large number of issues that an individual faces in the advanced society causes him to get angrier in general circumstance and search for the better approach for taking care of their concern. The frantic affordable circumstance in the nation and thus the absence of the work puts particularly for youngsters makes the contemplations and activities of wrongdoing. No assurances from the administration and no appropriate assistance to individuals who are poor, prompts the disarray and misjudging, where the main way out they discover is to carry out a wrongdoing. Neediness as a social marvel from a recorded perspective is of enduring value.â The degree and profundity of drenching of the individuals in the nation reflects two significant parts of society the degree of advancement of gainful powers and the comparing character of their activity standard of social equity. Regularly, destitution is treated as money related frailty of individuals, when pay of an individual or family doesn't permit keeping up socially important utilization forever, meddling with ordinary living and self-improvement. Destitution fills in as rules for molding social policy.â This wonder is surveyed by utilizing markers of outright and relative neediness, its profundity and seriousness, just as by the abstract impression of their individual prosperity and personal satisfaction. To decide the impact of destitution on wrongdoing, there might be likewise another way: by examining the everyday environments of poor people and indicted before they carry out violations. As an outcome of the way that neediness causes wrongdoing, criminally misshaped brain research of society, values, character as an immediate reason for wrongdoing are communicated by something beyond eagerness, hostility, flightiness and disregard of criminal law restrictions. Â It has a few structures: insatiability, ravenousness, the reason part of the Organized Crime and Entrepreneurship, covetousness, parasitism, creating proficient and recidivism, eagerness, recklessness, have an intoxicated wrongdoing, situational theft and plundering adolescents, when violations are carried out to meet the quick material needsâ , avarice, destitution, which depends on physical survival.â At an addition now there is 80% of the totality of the reasons for wrongdoing as of now. The primary wellspring of wrongdoing in any general public is the exacerbation of his social logical inconsistencies. It is additionally characterized as important and quantifiable highlights of the arrangement are ins ide a particular time parameters.â It is realized that the innovatively propelled entrepreneur nations don't have similar wrongdoings. As a reality, violations start from the adolescence. Generally speaking, if a kid was conceived in a poor family, there are more possibilities that he will begin carrying out violations. Everywhere throughout the world there is purposeful publicity of a sumptuous lifestyle, of fruitful individuals, of costly chateaus, vehicles, of wonderful excursions, and so on. At the point when kids and young people see that and comprehend that guardians won't give them every one of these things, they begin searching for the chance to get cash quick to purchase at any rate something. Furthermore, thusly they choose to perpetrate a wrongdoing. The violations submitted by young people are considered the cruelest. Most of instances of all violations show that a main impetus of the wrongdoings is the cash. The estimations of the general public are fabricated the way that those individuals with the issues in their psyches choose to bring nearer all these rich things. One of the fundamental viewpoints that can forestall destitution is instruction. In the event that kids are taught appropriately, at that point they will see the truth for what it's worth and they will attempt to prevail in legitimate manners to consider, to find a new line of work. Some of the time, wrongdoings are the manifestation of the way of life, and training can fix the social neediness and monetary destitution will be restored itself, as a result. As a reality, not just needy individuals carry out wrongdoings, as there are likewise rich individuals who have no limits in their activities and influence and they additionally perpetrate violations to get more cash and influence. Thinking about the measurements, the all out number of the seven record wrongdoings is accounted for to police per 100,000 occupants in the United States. The exploration expresses that if to diminish destitution, wrongdoing will be decreased, in spite of the fact that with the emergency that has started in 2008, there have been enrolled less violations, in spite of the fact that there are progressively needy individuals in light of the emergency. For instance of it, in the primary decade of the XXI century wrongdoing in the United States has would in general decay. Before the decade's over, crime percentages, as indicated by numerous pointers, have fallen significantly, in spite of the financial emergency of 2008-2010.â In certain urban communities, for example, New York, the crime percentage has dropped to the record lows. With the beginning of downturn in the U.S., numerous news sources have communicated fears that the emergency (for instance, expanded joblessness and decreased genuine wages of individuals) will prompt a fast increment in crime.â FBI report shows that these feelings of dread have not yet met.â Distributed in the 2008, the investigation of the Heritage Foundation indicated that the connection between monetary bothers and wrongdoing exists, yet it isn't so clear.â Thus, in the United States there is an across the nation wrongdoing measurements since 1934.â During this time just for a long time the crime percentage has declined.â The crime percentage has consistently expanded from 1955 to 1972, in spite of the fact that this time the U.S. economy has encountered a fast time of advancement, feeble, a downturn happens just in mid-1960.â In turn, during the Great Depression insights was distinctly for the period from 1934 to 1938 hoodlums demonstrated less activity.â Government Bureau of Investigation (FBI) gave a starter report on crime percentages in the U.S. in 2009.â This insights depends on information gave by around 17 thousand law requirement organizations of various locales. Â The principle finishes of the report contrasted with 2008, the quantity of property related misdemeanors in the U.S. diminished by 6.1%, vicious violations by 4,4%.â According to the report, this year the quantity of murders in the U.S. fell by 10%, burglaries on 6,5%, assault by 3,3%.â Among property related misdemeanors, the most fundamentally diminished the quantity of robberies of vehicles (by 18,7%), robbery (by 5,3%) and theft (2.5%). Â The most noteworthy decreases in wrongdoing noted in urban areas with populaces surpassing one million. Notwithstanding FBI insights, the crime percentage gauges the U.S. Authority of Justice Statistics by the Census Bureau (study called National Crime Victimization Survey). Since 1973, there have been every year survey ed 70-80 thousand of families (family or gathering of individuals living respectively and having an all out spending plan), to recognize about what number of really carried out wrongdoings Americans have not educated the police.â The last time comparative research was led in 2008.â It demonstrated that the casualties of the crooks, Americans go to law implementation offices don't continually: turning into the survivors of fierce violations, they will inform the police in 51,2% of the property in 39,6% of cases. Another significant marker for checking the degree of wrongdoing in the U.S. is a conventional report led the administration Gallup Rating the view of crime.â Every year Gallup requests that Americans gauge expanded or diminished the quantity of wrongdoings in their general vicinity and over the country.â In the ongoing years, such overview was directed in September 2009.â Then 74% of Americans said that contrasted and a year ago the crime percentage in the U.S. developed on 15% announced that the circumstance has improved.â The ascent in wrongdoing in their general vicinity was 51% decline 29%.â As a reality, 12% of respondents said that the circumstance with wrongdoing in their place of home was intense; the crime percentage over the United States also assessed 55% of respondents.â It is interested that in the most recent decade, both of th

See What Book Rioters Are Reading on May 11, 2017

See What Book Rioters Are Reading on May 11, 2017 In this feature at Book Riot, we give you a glimpse of what we are reading this very moment. Here is what the Rioters are reading today (as in literally today). This is what’s on their bedside table (or the floor, work bag, desk, whatevskis). See a Rioter who is reading your favorite book? Gird your loins â€" this list will make your TBR list EXPLODE. We’ve shown you ours, now show us yours; let us know what you’re reading (right this very moment) in the comment section below! Liberty Hardy Sourdough by Robin Sloan (Sept. 5, MCD/FSG): The author of Mr. Penumbra’s 24-Hour Bookstore is back! (galley) The Mountain: Stories by Paul Yoon (Aug. 15, Simon Schuster): If you are not reading Yoon’s short stories, you should correct that. (galley) Fresh Complaint: Stories by Jeffrey Eugenides (Oct. 3, FSG): The Virgin Suicides came out when I was in high school (I attended high school as a toddler), and it cemented Eugenides in my heart forevs. (galley) A Good Country by Laleh Khadivi (May 23, Bloomsbury): Sometimes you can just tell a publicist has a favorite book out of all the books they’re promoting, and I got that impression with this one, so I had to read it. So far, it’s amazing. (galley) Casey Stepaniuk Breadfruit by Celestine Vaite: I picked this up on Kauai while there for a trip for my moms 60th birthday at Talk Story Bookstore in Hanapepe. Apparently it is the Western-most bookstore in the US! They had a lot of cool local and other Polynesian authors and I thought Breadfruit looked especially fun. Now that my school semester is over, Im getting the chance to read it! (Paperback) Rachel Weber Monstress Volume 1: Awakening by Marjorie Liu and Sana Takeda: Stolen from a colleagues desk because I’ve been wanting to get my hands on this forever. (Paperback) Mapping The Interior by Stephen Graham Jones: I fell in love with Graham Jones after Mongrels and now Im on a mission to read every word hes ever written. I would creep on his shopping lists if I could. This is his latest novella. (eGalley) Startup by Doree Shafir: I love her journalism and my job in San Francisco means Ive often got a front seat to tech startup madness, so I cant wait to see what Shafir does with her novel about the people that live in that world. (eGalley) Jessica Yang   The Takedown by Corrie Wang: The synopsis hooked me, and Im all about Asian protagonists in YA, so I had to get it! (hardcover) Molly Wetta Always and Forever, Lara Jean by Jenny Han: I fell hard for this YA series, and am so glad it became a trilogy. The Song sisters are delightful, and Lara Jean’s trials and tribulations are just so relatable. Bonus: the audiobook is fantastic! (audiobook) A Conjuring of Light by V. E. Schwab: I was pretty pissed off at the terrible cliffhanger ending of A Gathering of Shadows, and to be honest, I lost all momentum in reading the series waiting for the final edition (I read the previous installments as ARCs, so it has been a long time). But my partner really loved the stories and implored me to finish so we can discuss, so I’m hoping to get through all 624 books before my express copy is due back at the library in 6 days. (hardcover) Kay Taylor Rea The Simplicity of Cider by Amy E. Reichert (Gallery, May 16) : I was a huge fan of Reicherts first two books, The Coincidence of Coconut Cake and Luck, Love, Lemon Pie, so I jumped at the chance to read The Simplicity of Cider. Once again, Im impressed with her immersive worldbuilding and richly drawn characters. The heroine, Sanna Lund, is a breath of fresh air: a cider maker from the fifth-generation of apple orchard owners, too tall to slip into the background and too anxious and introverted to venture comfortably outside of the safe bubble of her home. Although theres a compelling romance between Sanna and single dad seasonal hire Isaac, I fell hard for the complex family dynamics, the Lund familys financial and health struggles, Sannas maybe-magical gift for cider-making, and the mystery of an apple tree saboteur. (e-galley) I Believe in a Thing Called Love by Maurene Goo (BYR, May 30): Im only halfway through this charming YA, but its already been hilarious and heart wrenching, which is a strong start. Desi Lee has worked hard to be a good student and never step one toe out of line. Now, shes determined to snag herself a boyfriend before leaving for college. Her guide to romance? Her K Drama Rules for True Love. (eGalley) Annika Barranti Klein The Pearl Thief by Elizabeth Wein: Sort of a cheat, as I read this in one sitting the day it came out and am re-reading it because I loved it. Code Name Verity is one of my favorite books, and I love mysteries, so this is a slam dunk for me. (hardcover) Rebecca Hussey Hunger: A Memoir of (My) Body by Roxane Gay: This is going to be one of the big important books of the year. Just a little way into it, I’m difficult and moving and powerful. (egalley) Sunshine State by Sarah Gerard: I started reading this book on a vacation in Florida (lucky me!). It’s an essay collection on a range of topics, but (so far) all are about or at least set in the sunshine state. (egalley) Kate Krug Girls Made of Snow and Glass by Melissa Bashardoust: A feminist retelling of Snow White? I’m in. (NetGalley eBook) Sarah Nicolas Flame in the Mist by Renee Ahdieh: I was so excited to be offered a review copy of the first book in a new series from the author of The Wrath the Dawn. Fuedal Japan + magic + a girl masquerading as a boy? Yes, please. (digital audiobook) Real Friends by Shannon Hale: I read this one real quick before interviewing the author and was happy to see its representation of OCD and anxiety in childhood. (digital ARC) Sophia Khan Packing for Mars by Mary Roach: I’ve been loving books about space travel lately and there might not be anyone better to cover the subject than Mary Roach. Roach diligently covers the things we’re all secretly wondering about what goes on when humans leave the Earth’s atmosphere. (Paperback) Katie McLain What She Knew by Gilly Macmillan: I’ve been a little underwhelmed with some of the psychological suspense I’ve read recently, but this one has proven to be quite interesting and emotional so far.  (Digital audiobook) The Hatching  by Ezekiel Boone: The apocalypse brought on by an ancient, terrifying species of spiders.  Satisfyingly creepy and disgusting, but not recommended for arachnophobes!! (ARC) Emma Nichols Evicted by Matthew Desmond: I wasn’t planning on reading Evicted, but my book group picked it for May, and I am so glad they did. This books is such an important examination of poverty in America. And, while much of it feels quite hopeless, Desmond wants us to realize that change is not only necessary but attainable. America needs to look its flaws squarely in the face and commit to the idea that safe, affordable housing is a human right and should be provided to all. This should be required reading for all Americans. (Libro.fm audiobook) Jaime Herndon My Absolute Darling by Gabriel Tallent: I heard about this on Facebook, and Stephen King blurbed it I’m still in the early pages, but so far the writing is exquisite. (ARC) A Stitch of Time by Lauren Marks: Having done an internship in neuropsych, this book piqued my interest, and so far, it hasn’t let me down. (ARC) After the Eclipse: A Mother’s Murder, a Daughter’s Search by Sarah Perry: Full disclosure, I went to grad school with the author but that doesn’t change the vivid, arresting prose. (ARC) Steph Auteri The Secret Loves of Geek Girls edited by Hope Nicholson: TBH, I assumed this was about the secret passions of geek girls, and I thought that sounded like fun. It is, however, literally about love. Enjoying it nonetheless. (Paperback) When Sex Goes to School by Kristin Luker: Reading it as research for a personal project, but it’s also a fantastic piece of narrative journalism, which is a genre I enjoy. (Paperback) Danika Ellis Radio Silence by Alice Oseman: Queer YA with Night Vale references? Sold. (Hardcover) Ilana Masad Radiate by C. A. Higgins: I’ve been following Higgins (not literallly, that’d be creepy) since her first book, and am gobbling this final book in the Lightless Trilogy with gusto. Alison Doherty Always and Forever, Lara Jean by Jenny Han: Lara Jean is one of my favorite YA characters of all time. I’m so excited to finally have the final book of her trilogy in my hand. Bring on the baking, hair braiding, and cute boys! (ebook) Girl Out of Water by Laura Silverman: The author is an alum of my MFA program. I heard the beginning of this at a student reading two years ago. So far I’m loving Anise’s story and the breathtaking setting descriptions in this book. (Paperback) Jamie Canaves A Rising Man (Sam Wyndham #1) by Abir Mukherjee: A Scotland Yard detective working in Calcutta in the early 1900s is trying to solve the murder of a British official and I am loving everything about this novel so farâ€"especially the characters and the historical look at British ruled Calcutta. (egalley) I Know A Secret by Tess Gerritsen (Ballantine Books, Aug 22): I am always here for some Rizzoli and Isles in my life. (ARC) The Magpie Murders by Anthony Horowitz (Harper, June 6): A mystery novel inside of a mystery novel and I’ve heard Agatha Christie comps so basically it was written for me. (egalley) Dana Staves Swimming Lessons by Claire Fuller:  A missing woman (presumed dead) may or may not have surfaced twelve years after she was last seen, and the clues to her whereabouts, it seems, may lie in the letters she left behind, each one tucked into her husband’s massive book collection. I’m on the edge of my seat, wondering if this woman is alive, and how I’ll recover (along with the other characters) if she is… or if she isn’t! (Hardcover) Priya Sridhar The Fix by Liam Vaugham and Gavin Finch: A nonfiction work explaining how bankers fixed Libor. I picked this up because I enjoyed The Big Short movie and wanted to brush up on my business knowledge. (Hardcover.) Fledgling by Octavia Butler: A man finds an amnesiac vampire who appears to be a small child. Shori doesn’t remember who she is, but she remembers to feed, and to hide. So far the prose is dense, but I want to enjoy Octavia Butler’s work and read it through the end. (Paperback.) Derek Attig Infomocracy by Malka Older: Rereading this to get ready to read the follow-up, Null States. (ebook) Sri Lanka: The Cookbook by Prakash K. Sivanathan and Niranjala M. Ellawala: I’m scouting new titles for a cookbook club I’m part of, and this book is gorgeous. (hardcover) Kathleen Keenan Solitude: A Singular Life in a Crowded World by Michael Harris: There have been a number of books published in the past few years about living life alone (whether by choice or by accident), and I’m intrigued by Harris’s argument that knowing how to be alone is an increasingly important and valuable skill in our ever-more-connected world. Rebecca Renner The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander: I have been reading a lot of books about social justice. My research has narrowed in on mass incarceration and the prison industrial complex. I think this book and Stamped from the Beginning are essential for understanding our country today. The Barrowfields by Phillip Lewis: I didn’t know what to expect with this book. It’s Southern Gothic, which I love reading, plus the narration and small-town appeal really remind me of To Kill a Mockingbird. Exit West by Moshin Hamid: I keep seeing people talking about this book, so I had to jump on it. I’m about halfway done, and so far, the magic realism is just beginning to unfurl. Horse Heaven by Jane Smiley: My horse book kick led me through a dozen books this year. The last horse book I read, Lord of Misrule by Jaimy Gordon, was fairly dark. I hope this can act as a counterpoint. Margaret Kingsbury House of Names by Colm Tóibín: I love fairy tale and myth retellings, and this one recreates the sacrifice of Iphigenia after the gods demand she die so Agamemnon can sail his fleet to attack Troy. I just have to read about Clytemnestra’s revenge. (Egalley) Daughter of Smoke and Bone by Laini Taylor: This one’s been recommended numerous times, and I’ve never gotten around to it. After reading some slower books, I decided I wanted to read a fast YA, and this one certainly fits the description. Last night, I read 200 pages in a single sitting! (Hardcover) James Wallace Harris The Hidden Life of Trees by Peter Wohlleben and Lab Girl by Hope Jahren: are two books that form a synergy of botanical information. Im listening to the first and reading the second. Both books are by scientists and reveal the lives of plants and trees, lives more bizarre and wondrous than science fiction and fantasy. Women in the English Novel 1800-1900 by Merry Williams: Is  the most engaging book Im reading. A rather dry academic work I got from the library after watching To Walk Invisible, the PBS film about the Brontë sisters. Its chock full of great observations about women characters in 19th century English literature. Anyone who loves literature, history, and feminism should find this one a juicy read despite its scholarly nature. Unfortunately, buying this book new is very expensive. I got a used copy from ABEbooks for $3.48. Megan Cavitt Otomen by Aya Kanno: A romantic comedy manga about an athletic, popular high-school boy learning not to be ashamed of his feminine hobbies? Sign me up. I’m on volume four of eighteen and can confidently say, in my best Monty Python voice, that the Otomen world is “a rather silly place.” Wacky sitcom hijinks abound, if you’re into that sort of thing; if you’re not, the first volume is still worth a look for anyone who struggles with gender performance. (Library Hardcover) Tasha Brandstatter The Name of the Game is a Kidnapping by Keigo Higashino: The latest of Higashino’s books to be translated into English. (Library Hardcover) Mal Soto What It Means When a Man Falls From The Sky by Lesley Nneka Arimah:  I love short stories. I need short stories the way some people need a talisman of some kind in their pocket. The way a vampire needs a dark room. The way Garfield needs a finely baked Italian casserole. You get it. I love short stories on my commutes, and this one’s such a perfect balance. Fairy tales, fables, families, dystopias. Arimah has such a great voice that it’s hard to single out a favorite story in this book. (Hardcover) Natalya Muncuff Let Us Dream by Alyssa Cole. I read An Extraordinary Union by this author last month and absolutely loved it. I’m now making my way through all of her other historical romances. Into The Water by Paula Hawkins. Like many others, I was a huge fan of The Girl On The Train so I knew I had to pick this up. I’ve also recently joined a book club and this is the first book we’re reading. Trisha Brown Everything, Everything by Nicola Yoon. Yes, I’m late to the party, but Everything, Everything has been on my TBR and my ereader for long enough. With the new film coming out, it’s time to carpe diem. (ebook) Haven by Rebekah Weatherspoon. I like everything I’ve read by Weatherspoon, the cover is great, and the subtitle is “Beards Bondage.” So all I have to do is wait for the person next to me on the plane to start reading over my shoulder. (ebook) Beth OBrien Woman No. 17 by Edan Lepucki:  For me, this was a case of holy-beautiful-cover! That, and it had female friendships in the description. Sold! Im only a handful of chapters in, but Im liking it so far. (Hardcover) Tiny Beautiful Things by Cheryl Strayed:  This one is a reread for me. Sometimes you just need a little wisdom from Sugar. Ive been enjoying looking back on quotes I underlined and underlining more. If you havent read this one yet, you need to. (Paperback)

Quality Improvement Practices Within Organizations

Quality Improvement Practices Quality management is a structured approach to organizational management that seeks to improve the quality of products and services through continual refinements in response to continuous feedback (Gharakhani, 2013). Thus, it necessitates the consistent application of the appropriate human and technical processes, tools and techniques. A strategic quality strategy will be effective only through long-term commitment and dedicated application by executive management and all employees (Gharakhani, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to converse on implementing successful quality improvement practices within organizations to help achieve viable quality management. Further, this paper also highlights the conditions that must be in place such as management commitment, employee involvement, communication, and continuous improvement for successful quality management to be aligned with ISO 9000. Management Commitment and Leadership Predominantly big and small organizations in society that practice quality management are assigned to oversee the process to ensure that everyone is on board in every department. For quality management to be fruitful, it is critical that all employees in every department understand the need for quality and that changes and improvement are part of the process (Management, 2015). Furthermore, it is essential for management to exhibit support for these changes, and show that support when communicating and interacting with staffShow MoreRelatedBenchmarking Is A Part Of Total Quality Management1483 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmarking is a part of total quality management; it is the process of establishing a standard of excellence by measuring and comparing an organization’s processes with the practices and processes of other organizations. According to Amerinet Inc. (n.d.), benchmarking can be done internally, externally, or a combination of both. 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Starting Your Own Business Case Studies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1809 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? PLEASE READ THE FIVE CASES ATTACHED AND SOLVE THEM AS PER INSTRUCTIONS AND SUBMIT ON SAFE ASSIGNMENT VIA BLACKBOARD. Summary for each Case Study is required. Case Study 5: Entrepreneurship Stories (5 mini case-studies) Wendys Hamburgers (Success Comes from Listening to Customers) The founder of Wendys International was Dave Thomas a man who made his first million dollars as a Kentucky Fried Chicken franchisee owner (Dave invented the rotating bucket sign that stands outside many KFC restaurants). Eventually, however, Dave decided to stop selling fried chicken so he good make and sell the type of food he really loved hamburgers. Unfortunately, everyone told him particularly the bankers and financial people he spoke with that opening another burger restaurant was a bad idea. They told me the market was saturated. Dave lamented. After accumulating years in the fast food industry, however Dave thought otherwise. For a long time he had noticed tha t the big burger chains sold batch-cooked hamburgers made from frozen beef that sat under heat lamps. Early on he decided that his competitive advantage would be to offer something different quality and freshness. In 1969, Dave opened up his first Wendys restaurant (which was named after his daughter) and sold made-to-order hamburgers, chili, french fries, (real) milkshakes, and soft drinks. Since day one, his idea has been a success. In fact, his first restaurant became profitable after just six weeks. Later, as the business grew, Dave added menu items that corresponded to exactly what customers told him they wanted. This formula of providing what customers wanted in a hamburger, combined with offering better quality than the competition proved to be a real winner. The hardest part about running a business, Dave often said during his career, is being willing to listen to customers and then doing whatever it takes to make your dream (and their wants) a reality. SUMMARY Dav e Thomas, founder of Wendyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Hamburger also a former franchise owner of KFC, started selling his dream hamburgers instead of fried chicken. Despite of discouragement from people regarding his idea of selling burgers, he worked on his innovative technique to use fresh chicken with the exact à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of customers. He eventually succeeded in no time with this combination that actually came from truly listening to his customers. __________________________________________________________________ Running a Business is as Hard Mentally as it is Physically Laurey Masterton started her apartment-based business (Laureys Catering and Gourmet-to-Go)in Asheville, North Carolina in 1987. Running a business was a lot harder than I thought it would be, she says. Of all the challenges I face, the greatest is dealing with the everydayness of business ownership. It exists from the moment I wake up until the time I collapse in exhaustion at the end of the day. Hard work isnt the only hurdle Laurey faces. Keeping ones spirits up is as crucial as it is difficult. Ive averaged 30% growth for the past five years, but I still worry. In fact Ive never done better than last year, yet during the slow times worrying can consume me. Fortunatly, Laureys hrd work paid off. As the business grew, however, she realized that she couldnt continue to run the company from her apartment. So she brought in a private investor who added money, management experience, and emotional support to the mix. Laureys catering business has since grown to a 2,500 sq. foot kitchen and gourmet shop that sells sandwiches and salads. You have to be your own worst critic and your own best cheerleader, she says. My advice is that most business owners reach a point where no one is there to tell them you can do it. You have to be able do that yourself. SUMMARY Laurey Masterton was running out of energy and enthusiasm which are required to run her apartment- based catering business. She had to work really hard whole day. However, she managed to expand and grow the business by adding the private investor in her business, who also shared work with her. Only with her continue efforts, self belief and positivity she succeeded. . _____________________________________________________________________ Youre on Your Own For years, Tracey Campbell worked as a financial journalist for Standard and Poors wire service. But in 1995, she left the corporate world and started her own business a 24-hour telephone and Internet service designed to search for bed-and-breakfast inns throughout the United States. Almost immediately Tracey discovered that the transition from working in a corporate office to becoming an entrepreneur created its own set of unique difficulties. I took for granted the support services and infrastructure that was built into my corporate job, Tracey says. For example, the office supply cabinet was always stocked and a techni cal crew was always available to fix my computer, and so on. Now if Tracey needs envelopes, pens, or paper, she has to travel to an office supply store. If her computer breaks down she spends hours on the telephone waiting for technical support from the manufacturers customer hotline or spends hours travelling back and forth to a computer shop. When a potential client asked for a brochure, she had to design and create her own. When she ordered 10,000 tent business cards, she had to fold them herself. In short, Tracey has found what a lot of entrepreneurs discover: that sometimes a large part of her day can be spent drowning in a sea of menial duties. Such is the life of an entrepreneur. SUMMARY Tracey Campbell former financial journalist started her own business of telephone and internet service to search beds-and- breakfast in U.S. She suffered with the dilemmas of entrepreneurship such as maintaining of office infrastructure and supporting functions. She had to work at h er own for every single little thing. ___________________________________________________________________ The National Association of Secretarial Services (Look Before You Leap) In 1996, Lynette Smith (a secretarial service owner in California), was asked if she would be interested in purchasing The National Association of Secretarial Associations, a business support group operating in the USA. Because the offer came so quickly, and a contract was signed even faster, Lynette didnt have the time most professionals would say is appropriate to prepare for ownership. In not time, after spending two long weeks doing as much research as she could, she found herself virtually on her own. It was then that she discovered the association was losing memberships. In addition, few members seemed to be aware of the services the association provided so membership retention was extremely low. To compensate for her lack of preparation, Lynette began working 70 hours a week. She consul ted with members of the association, sought comments and suggestions from them, and added a website. She followed up renewal notices (previously, less than half the associations members renewed their memberships when they expired), updated the businesss publications and added several new ones. Her time then switched to becoming a salesperson, whereupon she found herself explaining the benefits of belonging to the association countless times each day. During this period she realized that most members had no idea of the range of services the association offered so she began tackling that issue. Eventually, as each of her challenges was overcome, she started encouraging the opening of new local chapters and even pursued major corporate clients. Later, when members said they didnt like the term secretarial in the associations name. she changed it to The Association of Business Support Services. As a result of her hard work, Lynette watched memberships increased dramatically and t he retention of current members improve to 72%. But to this day, she still doesnt want to think about how much hard work could have been avoided if she had only done a little bit of homework before signing her ownership contract. SUMMARY Lynette smith made the decision to purchase The National Association of Secretarial Associations in haste. She acquired the association when members leaving the association and retention rate were declining. She had to work very hard to maintain the retention level from vigorous marketing to excellent member services. Finally, she managed to improve the situation, but, if she took enough time before taking buying decision, it could help her saving lots of her energy. ____________________________________________________________________ Keeping a Watchful Eye Believe it or not, the conglomerate behind Hardees, Taco Bueno, Carls Jr., Rallys and Galaxy restaurants all started with a hotdog cart. Carl Karcher had an 8th grade education, a steady job as a bread truck driver, and a burning ambition to own his own business. In July of 1942, he borrowed $311 (against his car) and bought a hot dog cart in Los Angeles, California. His first days sales totaled $14.75. A muffin tin served as the cash register. Carl kept his bread delivery truck job and his wife worked the cart with their first baby asleep in the car. Two additional employees were eventually hired to help out. Each man worked alone for an 8-hour shift. Carl arrived each night at 02:00 hrs to collect the days receipts and close up the cart. One day, Carl noticed that the night shift employee consistently made about 25% less than Carl himself had brought in during the same period. When he stopped by the cart unexpectedly one evening, he dicovered that the employee was using hot dogs buns that neither he nor his wife had bought. As it turned out, the employee knew that Carl kept track of his inventory by counting the hot dog buns, which were bought by the dozen, rather than the hot dogs, which were purchased by the kilo. He then bought his own buns in order to sell several hot dogs off the books, the sales of which he pocketed. I learned real fast about costs and inventory control after that, Carl recalls. Tips for avoiding situations like Carls include keeping a close track of inventory, signing every check (and checking bank statements against purchases), assigning different financial duties to different people (which makes it difficult for one employee to take advantage of a situation), and enforcing employee holidays (dishonest employee practices often cease while the culprit is away). It all comes down to keeping a watchful eye. SUMMARY: Carls Jr., Rally founder of Hardeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Galaxy restaurant started his journey from hotdog cart. Initially his wife worked at the cart later he hired two employees and delegated duties in alternate shifts. He caught fraudulent sale made by his night shift employee by cl osely observing first decline in sales and then counter checking of inventory. He suggested taking preventive measures and having watchful eye on business for effective success. ____________________________________________________________________ These stories have been adapted from: What No One Ever Tells You About Starting Your Own Business, by Jan Norman, Upstart Publishing Company (a division of the Dearborn Publishing Group), Chicago, Illinois, 1999. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ Case Study 4: Grameen Bank and Grameen Telecom Profiting from Unprofitable customersupCase Study 6: Marketing and Entrepreneurship (2 mini case-studies) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Starting Your Own Business: Case Studies" essay for you Create order

The Tried and True Method for Travel Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail

The Tried and True Method for Travel Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail Ruthless Travel Essay Samples Strategies Exploited Interviewing our family members is the ideal approach to have a crystal clear comprehension of our family background. Quoting men and women you have met during your journey or other individuals who have visited the exact place will offer your travelling essay a nice and personal touch. We searched throughout our buddies and also via the internet. On this trip I intend to take my very best friend along. A new perspective could be formed. Therefore, the major criterion is profound understanding of subject. Regardless, it's still essential to abide by the requirements for writing an essay. The thesis statement might only be a couple of sentences. however, it is that bit of work upon which the remaining portion of the capstone essay is based. Things You Should Know About Travel Essay Samples So as to identify Grand Canyon, an individual may discover it from the Tours Brochures. Travel is internal in addition to external, and therefore the story is absolutely free to concentrate on subtle shifts of inner awareness. It can involve a lot of waiting. If I were able to time travel I would least likely to return to the 1930s-40s. Interestingly, flight isn't a problem when travelling to Grand Canyon. I must be ready for flight delays too. It's a fact that air travel has gotten more affordable and popular recently. Just place an order and get prepared for the trip. Travel Essay Samples Ideas Stephen's essay is rather effective. I intend to go to Lake Powell in Arizona. If you aren't sure, what a travel essay resembles, we have a couple of guidelines for you to follow. A travel essay in addition gives a glimpse of the culture of a particular place. A Gulliver's travels essay cannot contain the entire story itself. The essays on Gulliver's travels should not merely highlight the considerable events in the story, but in addition needs to be able to supply an insight into it. Looking at IELTS essay topics with answers is a significant approach that will help you to get ready for the test. Writing is an art and it requires a lot of preparations to earn an ideal article. A vacation essay could possibly be written with the assistance of these steps. Writing a travel essay is straightforward. This usually means they might be in possession of high excellent essay samples on traveling. It's advantageous as a result of the variety that may be obtained from the library. You might be asked to pay for a number of the samples obtained online. It's thus important find the samples from reliable sources. The Little-Known Secrets to Travel Essay Samples The gas prices have a tendency to shoot high in this season too. For travel businesses, this is the best way to increase customer solutions, special deals, and thoughtful surprises. In conclusion, restricting air travel is not likely to boost air quality much because aeroplanes aren't the biggest polluters on Earth. In my opinion, it is unlikely to have any real impact on air quality. So apart from tourists coming from different elements of the Earth, the regional tourists also find time to tour their very own native nation. These locals also find time to tour different nations, and in the process tourists from different nations also tend to find time to tour different nations also, besides the nation of their very own. In summary, although travelling is a fantastic way of learning about other nations, I firmly insist that all information about other nations can be gotten through television and on the internet. Time travel is a complicated manner of cognition that few men and women understand and appreciate. Traveling is always helpful for the individual experiencing it. Traveling or seeing places is a significant portion of our education. Travelling isn't a panacea. It is the kind of activity, which almost all the people love. Some individuals believe this to learn about other nations, they have to travel. The company folks are made conscious of the organic products of distinct countries by travelling. They may travel because of different purposes.

Comparative Progress Global Business Systems

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Progress Global Business Systems. Answer: Introduction Modern Israel was established in the year 1948 with a very small population. In just a period of two years, the population of the country doubles. This lead to an increase in the gross domestic product per capita income. Various economic factors and conditions led to the transformation of the state. The assignment analyzes the economic factors such as interest rate, Gross domestic product, interest rate, technology, population and other factors. The country has the second largest start up companies in the world with the GDP of US$37,032. It is a developed nation and was ranked in seventeenth position in the world in the year 2010 (Aharoni, 2014). It is technically advanced economy. The economy plays a leading role in the supply of solar energy industry. The industries that are established in the country are metallurgical industries, chemicals, food, metal products, transport equipments and diamond cutting industries. The economy of Israel is relatively poor in natural resources and h ence depends on imports of natural resources from other countries such as petroleum, raw materials, wheats and other natural gas reserves (Bental et al., 2016). The industrial sector of the economy is advanced and technologically upgraded. The nation has established a free trade agreement with European Union, United States, Turkey, Mexico and other countries of European free trade association. Economy of Israel is also a tourist place with 3.54 million foreign tourists visiting the nation in the year 2013. The export goods of the nation include telecommunication equipments, machinery equipments, agricultural products, textiles, metals, and chemicals. Its main export partners are United Sates, United Kingdom, Hong Kong and China. The import goods and materials that are imported by Israel are raw materials, natural resources, petrol and petroleum products, fuels, consumer goods and investment goods. The importing partners of the country are United Sates, Italy, Germany, China and Switzerland (Yaron et al., 2013). The condition of statehood had put the economy of Israel in crisis. The unemployment rate was high and the foreign currency reserves were scarce in the period 1949 to 1959. An agreement was signed with West Germany where Germany agreed to pay money to Israel for the development of the nation. This was done to compensate the Jewish property that was stolen by Nazis. Israel is nation that is religious in nature. The state mainly comprises of Muslims, Jews, and Christians. The priority was given for the development of industries. The policies of the nation concentrated on industrialization (Blinder, 2013). Development of two policies has helped the economy of Israel develop. The first policy was Jewish immigration and the second policy was peace process. In the early 2000, the economy of Israel went again into crisis due to the crashing of dot com bubble. It hampered the startups of many new industries that put the economy at stake. The economy of Israel was able to sustain the crisis o f 2000. A growth in GDP was encountered in 2009 along with capturing low rate of unemployment (Bakalyar Galil, 2014). Economic policies that led to economic transformation Economic policies Israel gained independence in the year 1948. Economic policies are the policy that is set by the government of nation to transform the economy and form strategy that will benefit the economy. The economic policies included attributes such as interest rates, government spending, money supply, inflation rate, cash rate, taxes and various monetary and fiscal policies. Changes in any one of the economic policies affect the entire nation (Benchimol, 2016). For example, increase in money supply in the economy increases the demands, investment and the inflation rate. The population of Israel was very low during the time of its establishment. In two years, the population of Israel almost doubled due to rise in the migration of people. The political, social and economical structure of the country was developed in the year 1948. The two main factors that led to the development and growth of the economy of nation was immigration and capital inflows. The population of the country doubled from 56 ,000 to 630,000 due to huge immigration of population (Balassa, 2014). These mainly included the refugees, from Central and Eastern Europe. Immigration of large amount of population led to increase in capital inflows and funds. There was rise in the national funding and private funding. The two developments Since the early 1990s two developments has led to the transformation of the economy of Israel. The first development was the immigration of Jewish people. This led to an increase in the citizens of Israel especially from the people of former USSR. The population increased by one million Jewish people due to immigration of people. The benefit was that people who immigrated were highly educated people, which now comprises of sixteen percent of population. Rise in the population has both the advantages and disadvantages on the economy (Ben-Elia, 2016). Rise in the population in Israel led the country to establish new start up industries and create demand for products. The establishment of startup industries led to an increase in investments. Rise in aggregate demand and investments leads to economic growth. The above diagram shows that rise in the investment leads to the outward shift of both the aggregate demand and aggregates supply. This is due to the rise in the capital stock. The outward shift of the curves leads to a rise in the GDP and hence encourages economic growth. Rise in immigration and population The growth in the population has negative impact as well. Israel was successful in sustaining the rise in the population. The housing and employment needs of the people were fulfilled by the policies used by the economy. A new economic policy came into enforcement in the year 1952. The policy concentrated on curbing of monetary policies such as interest rate and money supply, relaxation of price controls and rationing, relaxation on restraints and exchange rate devaluation. The encouragement of immigration was curtailed to sustain and absorb the masses from previous immigration (Breznitz Ornston, 2013). Peace treaty The second development that led to the transformation of the economy is the signing of peace treaty between Israel and Jordan at peace conference held at the Madrid conference (Budge Laver, 2016). Technologically advance economy: Israel is technologically advance economy that attracts large amount of foreign investment. It is an industrialized economy where the concentration is on industries and service sector. The transformation of the economy of Israel led the economy become globalized with high tech industry, multinational labor and increase in consumer culture. It also led the gap between the rich and the poor to increase (Horowitz Lissak, 2012). Increase in foreign investments Increase in the capital inflow from foreign countries was one of the reasons for the economic growth. Real Gross National Product increased by rate of eleven percent and annual gross national product increased at a rate of six percent. The capital inflows was in the form of unilateral transfers, loans from the United States aids, inflow from Germany in the form of reparations, and transfers of loans and unilateral transfers from other agencies such as that of Jewish institutes (Carmon, 2016). The availability of resources for consumption in domestic nation increased both the private and national consumption in the economy. Import substitution was promoted for the development of new industries by adopting protectionists measured through the government budget. Government also enabled subsidies that were involved in export of goods. This was done to increase exports and the revenue collected from these exports (Checherita-Westphal Rother, 2012). Changes in the economic fluctuations in the economy of Israel were mainly due to flow of immigration. The economy encountered high rates of growth in income and GDP till the year 1973 after which the rate of growth was not as high as those of previous years did. The economy of Israel fell into recession in the period from 2001 to 2003. The income of the nation has said to rise in the end of twentieth century that was similar to many developed and industrialized nations (Khattab et al., 2016). The contribution of industrial sector towards the GDP growth is maximum. The change in structure of economy increased the importance of industrial sector and declined the contribution of agricultural sector. The other reason for the economic transformation was development of technology and industrialization. From the traditional industries, the industry transformed itself into high tech sophisticated industry. This was a major step from the transformation of economy of Israel (Kirzner, 2015). The capital inflow in Israel after the global crisis. In 2013, the foreign capital recorded a hit high of 7022 billion dollar. Increase in the capital inflow of the economy is the reason why the economy of Israel is able to maintain the deficit in current account. Rise in capital inflow also led to an increase in the currency of Israel strengthening the currency of Israel that is twenty-three percent (Konnikov Raijman, 2016). Liberalization of economic policies The economic policies of the economy were changed from government control to a more free policy. The government released its control over the economy to help it develop and grow. A policy of economic liberalization was followed by the nation. A free trade treaty was signed by Israel with many countries to encourage export. The restriction of imports was changed from quantitative protection to tariff protection. The economy encouraged both import and export by flexible exchange rates (Maddison, 2013). The economy transferred itself from fixed exchange rate to floating exchange rate system where the exchange rate was fixed through the system of exports and imports. The floating exchange rate system can be depicted in a following diagram: Trade and open market of Israel After the independence of the economy of Israel, the economy followed trade restriction by imposing import substitution and quantitative restrictions on imports. This was done to encourage domestic production and reduce the imports if the economy. A new economic policy was generated in the year 1952 that concentrated more on liberalization of the economy. A free trade agreement was signed between the countries where the economy encouraged export and quantity restriction on imports were replaced by tariff protection. This helped the economy encourage exports and imports that led to industrialization in the economy (Martin, 2014). The foreign exchange currency was changed from fixed exchange rate system to floating exchange rate system where the government had less control on the economy. The state driven economic policy transformed the economy of Israel. The economy of Israel transformed from a central economy to a mixed economy where both the public and the private sector thrived and the government had less control on the economy. Liberalization of the economy led to an increase in the exports and strengthened the economy (Metzer, 2014). The GDP per capita of the economy rose and the purchasing power. The economy of Israel transformed itself into more competitive market structure, that was market oriented and pen in nature. The average tariff rate in Israel is 0.9 percent (Webber Smith, 2014). The economy and the government puts several restrictions on the import of agricultural products to encourage the local farmers and help them increase and improve the standard of living. This can be analyzed from the following diagram of tariff restriction. Tariff restriction reduces the amount of goods that a country can import but also helps the government earn revenue in form of tariff rates. Tariff rates are the taxes that are imposed by the government on the economy (Morata Sandoval, 2012). Change in the role of government The role of the government changed in the economy. The control of the government on exports, imports, process and others were controlled. The role of the government shifted to other programs such as health care centers, infrastructure, and other social welfare benefit. The policy of social welfare payment such as unemployment benefits, transfer payment, pensions, insurance, helped the economy reduce the inequality gap of income (Magazzino, 2015). Due to the increase in transfer payments by the government, Israel was on e of the developed nations with the least income inequality gap. Occupation settlement enterprise Israel was one of the nations to have encountered the largest economic growth for the period of six years. The main factor for encountering largest economic growth in a period of six years apart from industrialization and liberalization was establishment of occupation settlement enterprise. The major reasons for the growth of the economy of Israel were trade liberalization, industrialization, less control of the government over the economy, global and new economic policies, encouragement of imports and exports and free functioning of the economy. Apart from these, the other reason for the transformation of the economy of Israel was use of high and sophisticated technology in the agricultural and industrial sector (O'Connor, 2013). This occurred in a period from 1967-1973 where the rate of economic growth or the GDP growth arte almost doubled. The major reason for this was establishment of occupation settlement enterprises. The major transformation took from 1948 to 1956. The economic policies have made the economy of Israel a lender and not a borrower, which is mainly due to the macroeconomic policies that the economy follows (Perez, 2013). Decline in the interest rate The interest of the economy was declined to encourage the economy towards the path of growth. Decline in the interest rates led to an increase in the money supply. Rise in money supply in turn led to an increase in demand and investment. Taking loans from the banks became more interesting and lucrative that led to an increase in the investment. Increase in investment led to an increase in the start up of industries that helped in employment generation. Decrease in the interest rate will reduce the price for loan able funds and increase the demand. This will lead to an increase in aggregate demand and investment. Economic Miracle The unemployment rate is low in Israel as compared to other nations. This is mainly due to two factors. One is the refusal of the government of Israel to aid the public money at the time of crisis. This helped in curtailing the risk that was involved with the policy. The second was the adoption of the policies set by Bachar commission that helped in management of finance of the economy. The economy of Israel is said to have gone through the phase of Economic miracle. Israels tremendous growth in the economy was remarkable (Plessner, 2012). The GDP growth rate was ten percent annually. Along with this, the economy was also successful in absorbing immigration, maintain security, fight the wars, maintain, and establish infrastructure. This was termed as economic miracle of the nation. The optimal utilization of the available resources and capital was one of the reasons for economic growth and development of the nation (Ram, 2013). The countries successful policies managed the immigrants successfully which contributed towards the growth of the economy. The economy was also successful in sustaining the global economic crisis. The economic growth of the nation was relatively high in 2006 as compared to other developing nations. Israel was one of the few nations to have encountered a positive economic growth in 2009 after the period of global recession (Richardson, 2014). GDP growth rate Table: Economic growth rate of Israel Year GDP growth rate (annual %) 2001 0.2 2002 -0.1 2003 1.2 2004 5.1 2005 4.4 2006 5.8 2007 6.1 2008 3.1 2009 1.3 2010 5.5 2011 5.0 2012 2.9 2013 3.4 2014 2.6 2015 2.5 (Source: Data | The World Bank. 2016). The growth rate is fluctuating in the economy. Initially the growth rate was rising. It declined in 2009 due to global recession and crisis. The economic growth rate was positive even at the time of recession. The other developing countries experienced negative economic growth rate but Israel experienced positive economic growth though it was low. Economic challenges Though the economy has experienced high rate of economic growth in past there are several economic challenges that an economy face. This includes both short term and long term challenges. The short term challenges that Israel economy face is the problem in developing the telecommunication industry that changes the economic outlook and perspective of the economy. The economy is also not being successful in promoting large multinational companies that controls the employment of large number of peoples. The rise in dependency of labor force participation of orthodox Jews with less knowledge hampers the economy in long run (Cingano, 2014). Due to the high dependency ratio the poverty among the orthodox Jews rise that is harmful for the economy of Israel. The two main challenges faced by the Israel economy are that of terrorism and work force participation. Terrorism: Rise in terrorism is very harmful for the economy. It affects the functioning of the economy in a negative way. The resources of the economy deplete and it leads to rise in the pollution. The number of tourists visiting the economy also declined due to which the revenue that the economy earns from tourists also declined (Rudnitzky, 2014). The rise in the terrorism hurt the exports and the foreign investments too as foreign companies were apprehensive too invest in the nation. Israels economy began to grow after the war ended. The strong point of Israels economy was that it was able to sustain the risks of terrorism (Sadeh, 2014). Work force participation: lower level of workface participation is harmful for the economy as it reduces the wealth generation and production of products in the economy (Scully, 2014). Inflation: The prices are rising with the advancement in technology and economy. The problem of income inequality between the rich and the poor is increasing. Israel is a mixed economy where both the government and private sector work together in the economy. The challenges and economic problems faced by the economy of Israel are same as that of an industrial country. This includes problems and challenges associated with reconciling innovation in industrial products and methods. The industries face problems in transition stage when replacing the traditional activities with high tech sophisticated machines (Stiglitz, 2014). It is essential for the economy of Israel to figure the ways of fitting in the global economy that is marked by two major markets of European Union and United States. The economy also faces challenges due to the relationship that it holds with other Arab countries. The economy is always under the threat of war and terrorism due to which the major part of capital is wasted in maintaining the security and army. Peace can lead to productive utilization of products. Political security also helps the economy attract foreign i nvestments that is beneficial for the economy. The educational qualification of the economy is high in Israel (Thrisdttir Karlnudttir, 2014). Conclusion Israel gained independence in the year 1948 after which the economy captured a tremendous growth in the economy. The population size of the economy doubled and the gross domestic product. The economic growth almost doubled in the economy. The economy of Israel transformed from a central economy to a mixed economy. Various economic factors led to the transformation of economy of Israel. These factors include economic liberalization policies, free trade, decline in interest rate, occupation settlement enterprise, economic liberalization, and less control of the government. Industrialization and rise in immigration are some of the other factors that led to the transformation of the economy. The economy experienced the growth in the GDP per capita income by forty percent. The economic growth doubled in the economy. Privatization of the economy and increase in capital inflow led to an increase in the economic growth. The foreign investment led to an increase on demand and start up industr ies. High tech technologies led to an increase in startup industries. The economy has low inflation rate, low unemployment rate and interest rate that led to an increase in foreign debt. Economy of Israel was able to survive the recession of 2009 and encountered a positive economic growth. References Aharoni, Y. (2014).The Israeli Economy (Routledge Revivals): Dreams and Realities. Routledge. Avidor, J. Building an Innovation Economy: Public Policy Lessons from Israel. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1856603 Bakalyar, I., Galil, K. (2014). Rating shopping and rating inflation in Israel.International Review of Financial Analysis,33, 270-280. Balassa, B. (2014). Development Strategies'.International Economics and Development: Essays in Honor of Ral Prebisch, 159. Benchimol, J. (2016). Supplement to" Money and monetary policy in Israel during the last decade". Ben-Elia, N. (Ed.). (2016).Strategic changes and organizational reorientations in local government: A cross-national perspective. Springer. Bental, B., Yonay, Y., Kraus, V. (2016). Ethnic and gender earning gaps in a liberalized economy: The case of Israel.Social Science Research. Blinder, A. S. (2013).Economic policy and the great stagflation. Elsevier. Breznitz, D., Ornston, D. (2013). The revolutionary power of peripheral agencies explaining radical policy innovation in Finland and Israel.Comparative Political Studies, 0010414012472466. Budge, I., Laver, M. J. (Eds.). (2016).Party policy and government coalitions. Springer. Carmon, N. (Ed.). (2016).Immigration and integration in post-industrial societies: Theoretical analysis and policy-related research. Springer. Checherita-Westphal, C., Rother, P. (2012). The impact of high government debt on economic growth and its channels: An empirical investigation for the euro area.European Economic Review,56(7), 1392-1405. Cingano, F. (2014). Trends in income inequality and its impact on economic growth. Data | The World Bank. (2016).Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/ Horowitz, D., Lissak, M. (2012).Trouble in utopia: The overburdened polity of Israel. Suny Press. Israel Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption. (2016).Heritage.org. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from https://www.heritage.org/index/country/israel Khattab, N., Miaari, S., Stier, H. (Eds.). (2016).Socioeconomic Inequality in Israel: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. Springer. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Konnikov, A., Raijman, R. (2016). Former Soviet Union Immigrant Engineers in Germany and Israel: the Role of Contexts of Reception on Economic Assimilation.Journal of International Migration and Integration,17(2), 409-428. Maddison, A. (2013).Economic progress and policy in developing countries. Routledge. Magazzino, C. (2015). Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy use in Israel.International Journal of Sustainable Development World Ecology,22(1), 89-97. Martin, S. (2014).The Economics of Offsets: Defence Procurement and Coutertrade(Vol. 4). Routledge. Metzer, J. (2014). Some Perspectives on the Israeli Economy: Stocktaking and Looking Ahead.Israel Studies,19(2), 133-161. https://dx.doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.19.2.133 Morata, F., Sandoval, I. S. (Eds.). (2012).European energy policy: An environmental approach. Edward Elgar Publishing. O'Connor, A. (2013). A conceptual framework for entrepreneurship education policy: Meeting government and economic purposes.Journal of Business Venturing,28(4), 546-563. Perez, N. (2013). The privatization of Jewishness in Israel (or, on economic post-Zionism).Israel Affairs,19(2), 273-289. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2013.778089 Plessner, Y. (2012).Political Economy of Israel, The: From Ideology to Stagnation. SUNY Press. Ram, U. (2013).The Globalization of Israel: McWorld in Tel Aviv, Jihad in Jerusalem. Routledge. Richardson, N. R. (2014).Foreign policy and economic dependence. University of Texas Press. Rudnitzky, A. (2014). The Contemporary Historiographical Debate in Israel on Government Policies on Arabs in Israel During the Military Administration Period (19481966).Israel Studies,19(1), 24-47. https://dx.doi.org/10.2979/israelstudies.19.1.24 Sadeh, T. (2014). Is an economic peace possible? Israel and globalization since the 1970s.Israel Affairs,20(4), 530-565. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2014.955657 Scully, G. W. (2014).Constitutional environments and economic growth. Princeton University Press. Stiglitz, J. E. (2014).The lessons of the North Atlantic crisis for economic theory and policy(pp. 335-347). Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press. Thrisdttir, H., Karlnudttir, K. E. (2014). The Boom and the Bust: Can Theories from Social Psychology and Related Disciplines Account for One Country's Economic Crisis?.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,14(1), 281-310. Webber, M., Smith, M. (2014).Foreign policy in a transformed world. Routledge. Yaron, H., Hashimshony Yaffe, N., Campbell, J. (2013). Infiltrators or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum Seekers.International Migration,51(4), 144-157.

Social Disorganization Question and Answer free essay sample

Social Disorganization- Question-and-Answer Sergio Vidal-Echeverria CJA-384 February 12, 2012 Patrick L. Cote Social disorganization- Question-and-Answer This paper is a question and answer session about social disorganization. I will be answering four points about the definition of social disorganization, the relation to organized crime, and its evolution. In addition, I will explain how ell social disorganization fits the criteria for organized crime and it associated relationships. Last, I will explain the correlation of corrupt political politicians and how social disorganization has enveloped in the development of organized crime. What is Social Disorganization? The social disorganization theory attributes crime and delinquency to communities in which family structure, churches, lack of enforcement from police, probation, and community activists. Schools also play a role in that there is a lack of after-school programs, outreach programs to address the issues of truancy, and juveniles as young as eight are induced and tempted to enter in a gang and therefore the criminal behavior begins to happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Disorganization Question and Answer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also some researchers that state that inner-city crime is attributable to relative deprivation. The definition of relative deprivation is when youths live within close proximity to a neighborhood that others live in the comfort of upper-class status, and in turn it is the hope and wishes that these youths aspire to live that way some day. The morale of some of these individuals became disillusioned because the reality sets in that he or she will never get out of the neighborhood that is comprised of poverty, crime, and lack of jobs for him or her. Another theory is the Bell’s Queer Ladder of Mobility Theory. Bell’s thinking was that Italians had a harder way of achieving wealth, power, and political influence. (Lyman, Potter, 2007. ) Several generations of Italian immigrants learned that there was a way out of living in the slums and poverty. It was later that this group turned to participate in illicit activities to gain wealth and power in a relatively fast manner. After Italians figured out how to get out of poverty, the queer ladder theory turned into ethnic succession. The definition of ethnic succession is that Jews replaced the Irish in committing crimes, Italians replaced the Jews, and African Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and Colombians have replaced the Italians. (Lyman, Potter, 2007. ) How does social disorganization relate to organized crime and its evolution? Social disorganization relates to organized crime and its evolution through the breakdown of the society. The organized crime groups are trained to go into cities and towns that have communities that have families who are poor, destitute, and have the lack of common sense and education. This in turn will recruit individuals to sign up by offering a product that will provide a quick rich form of success. The outcome of this is that organized crime participants evolve from generation to generation because previous participants saw the poverty in which he or she lived in. The success that was once unreachable to him or her who lived in poverty, lacked an education, and had a hard time finding jobs. How well does social disorganization meet the criteria for organized crime and its various relationships? Why?

A Rose Growing From The Concrete

A Rose Growing From The Concrete Free Online Research Papers I always told myself I was going to be something in life no matter how many obstacles came my way. Some people asked me where I get my strength, I say I get my strength from within always having a hunger to succeed. I broke through the lies I told myself that I will never overcome my situation. I also believe that I get my strength from my nieces because they look up to me and I want be a good example. So when they plan for college I will be right there guiding them, telling them to never give up and keep trying. Being one of the first in my family to seek higher education at a four year University is very exciting for me because I know I’m planning for my future. At an early age I had to adapt to being placed in different homes and different schools. This made my grades shift a lot from good, to average, and sometimes below average. I never had a chance to build relationships with friends or my biological parents. My biological parents weren’t in my life because they weren’t mentally or financially stable to take care of me. So I had to live with different family members that could take care of me so I wouldn’t be placed in foster care. Currently, I attend an AP Psychology course, I mime dance at my church, played tennis in the spring, intern for Motivos magazine, attend S.T.A.R (students talking about relationships), Im on the schools year book committee, and will be on the track team after Thanks giving break. Yes I am very active, I like doing new things and doing well at them. The major I plan on looking into is Psychology. I choose Psychology because I love interacting with people, always being a listener, and giving good advice from my own experiences. I’m a creative, enthusiastic, and a goal oriented person that sees a future full of greatness ahead of me. I also am a fluent reader and writer specifically poetry. I can say that I’m not a product of my environment because my goals are higher then what’s expected. Overall, my life has taught me to never let someone determine who I am or who I want to be. I can also say that I’m truly a rose growing from the concrete because even though my life experiences have been hard I still grow and persevere. So I leave you with poem: A Rose Growing From The Concrete I see me growing stronger through all the trials I face I see a bright future ahead of me even though my petals fall I grow erupting beauty from where I’m from busting out of my generational curse becoming someone that will someday make a difference Research Papers on A Rose Growing From The ConcreteStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Paper - Case Study Example This was however, made beneficial by incorporating the conditions into the forecasts of exchange rates. The forecasts were readily available as they were within the contact of managers. The case was expanded by including annual exchange relationships, as well as potential political events that indicated relations with exchange rate behavior. Although the process may seem to distract students, the simplifications utilized were essential for the provision of a sufficiently detailed analysis. The process also included a keen focus on the beneficial techniques, as well as financial aspects included in the case. Some issues were however over looked although an individual who reviews the analysis would easily reincorporate them. Political contemplations principal to investments were also initiated in the process. This was to help meet the requirements of a vast customer. Capital budgeting is the main subject matter of this case in regards to a multinational organization. Rudimentary comprehension of basic techniques in capital budgeting is essential in evaluation of the case (Bierman, Harold & Smidt, p. 382). However, some issues require advanced knowledge to analyze and the present resolution of the case. Automotive Specialties, Incorporated (ASI) is a multinational holding company classified as a domestic division. It has been delegated the role of building a new plant in Mesa Verde, a small country in South America by its largest customer. Jamie Miles an Assistant treasurer at ASI did the analysis and forecasts of the customer’s proposal. Uncertainty of the investment was done in collaboration with Fujimora Transport though the investment value was not determined. The management of ASI needed to consider some of the customer’s motives prior to commitment of finances in the implementation of the project. This case indicates the fact that capital budgeting involving multinational organization is similar to the basic capital budgeting that students are

Finanical Accounting Concepts Phase 2 DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finanical Accounting Concepts Phase 2 DB - Essay Example This is also the reason why the expense incurred on Furniture is not shown on the income statement, The expense incurred on the furniture ($1500) will be shown in reduced amounts for a period of years in subsequent income statements. The Income Statement reflects the inflow and outflow of expenses and revenues. However, the Owner’s equity statement is a statement that reflects the position of the owner’s capital in the business. Therefore it reflects the shares position, the kinds of shares (common, preferred or deferred preferred shares) and their distribution. However, a balance sheet is a comprehensive statement that reflects the financial position of a firm at the end of a financial year. While the Income statement shows mainly operating expenses and net revenues, the balance sheet is a summary of a Company’s entire financial condition at any given point of time, therefore it includes all assets of the Company, all liabilities and net worth. This statement also takes into account the ownership of non fluid assets and share ownership in the Company. Therefore, in a balance sheet, the accounting equation would be: Assets – Liabilities + Owner’s Equity. The Accounting Cycle includes the process of recording entries of receipts and expenses in a journal in chronological order according to dates. These entries are then posted to the ledger, both under debits and credits, under the appropriate account heading. The trial balance is then prepared to ensure that all debits are equal to all credits. Any errors or discrepancies are then resolved with individual journal entries, in order to yield the adjusted trial balance. This forms the basis for the preparation of the various kinds of financial statements, such as cash statements, income statements and balance sheets. The final steps in preparing these statements are in the posting of the closing entries and the preparation of the final

Chemical Structure Of Fructooligosaccharides

Chemical Structure Of Fructooligosaccharides Introduction Modern people are increasingly interested in their personal health, and expect the foods they eat to be tasty and attractive also healthy and safe. As interest in the link between diet and health gathers pace, many people seek ways to feel well and stay healthy by eating nutritionally foods. Non-digestible carbohydrates such as oligosaccharides, dietary fibers, and resistant starch have various physiologic functions and the promotive effects of many non-digestible carbohydrates on well being, better health and reduction of the risk of diseases have been well examined. Among non-digestible carbohydrates, the functional oligosaccharides present important physicochemical and physiological properties beneficial to the health of consumers, and for this reason, their use as food ingredients has increased rapidly. The functional oligosaccharides are intermediate in nature between simple sugars and polysaccharides and are claimed to behave as dietary fibres and prebiotics. These compounds as non-absorbable food ingredients are microbial food supplements and may benefit the host by selectively stimulating salutary bacteria in the large intestine. The best known functional oligosaccharides include fructooligosaccharide, glucooligosaccharides (GOS), isomalto-oligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides and maltitol. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are non-digestible carbohydrates that represent one of the major classes of bifidogenic oligosaccharides. They are compounds of a vegetable origin and are found in varying concentrations in many foods such as asparagus, onions, artichokes, garlic, wheat, bananas, tomatoes and honey. Their chemical structure consists of a chain of fructose units with a terminal glucose unit linked by ÃŽÂ ²-(2â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢1) glycosidic bonds, that means they cannot be hydrolysed by human digestive enzymes which are specific for ÃŽÂ ²-glycosidic bonds. The length of the chain ranges from 2- 60. There are three categories of FOS, each of which is structurally distinct: inulin, has a polymerization degree of 2 about 60 monomers of fructose, with an average of 12 units; oligofructose is produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin and is defined as a fraction of oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization lower than 20, although commercial products tend to have a mean value of 9; these FOS are produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of inulin and consists of fructosyl chains of different lengths, with glucose and fructose terminals. Finally, scFOS (short chain fructooligosaccharides) are specifically defined as mixed chains of fructosyl with a glucose terminal unit; they have a maximum of 5 units and are derived from sugar through natural fermentation processes, producing 1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and 1-fructosylnystose (GF4) in which the fructosyl units (F) are linked at the ÃŽÂ ²-(2â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢1) position of sucrose (Figure 1). FOS are water-soluble and their sweetness is 0.3-0.6 times that of sucrose, depending on the chemical structure and the degree of polymerization of the oligosaccharide. FOS are highly hygroscopic and their water holding capacity is greater than that of sucros. The viscosity of a FOS solution is higher than that of sucrose at the same concentration because the greater molecular weight of FOS. The enhanced viscosity of the gastrointestinal content may delay the rate of gastric emptying and the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Their thermal stability also is greater than of sucrose. FOS are highly stable in the normal range of food pH (4.0-7.0). FOS can substitute sucrose as regards many of its properties, including solubility, freezing and fusion point and crystalline properties. It has been estimated that the caloric value of FOS ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 kcal/g, which represents 40-50% of that of digestible carbohydrates such as sucrose. Fructooligosaccharides have interesting properties: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low sweetness intensity: this property makes them useful for various kinds of foods where the use of sucrose is restricted due to its high sweetness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Calorie free; i.e., the human body lacks the necessary enzymes to hydrolyze the beta bonds, so that they are not hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes. Thus, since these substances can not be used as an energy source in the body, they are safe for diabetics and people on slimming diets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-cariogenic, since they are not used by Streptococcus mutans to form the acids and insoluble ÃŽÂ ²-glucans that are the main causes of dental caries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They behave as soluble food fibre from a physiological point of view. They are non-digestible carbohydrates of a vegetable origin that reach to the large intestine, where they can be fermented by the colonic flora to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and prevent the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The bacterial degradation of FOS occurs in two stages: in the first stage, the monomers are hydrolyzed by bacterial beta-oxidases. In the second, the monomers released ferment anaerobically to produce volatile fat acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, and gases (H2, CO2, CH4). These properties, together with their other beneficial physiological effects (low carcinogenicity, prebiotic effect, improved mineral absorption, and decreased serum cholesterol, phospholipid and triacylglycerol levels) defend the addition of FOS to foods as infant formulas which, in any case, have only very low quantities of these nutrients. Experimental 1 Impact of a jelly containing short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and Sideritis euboea extract on human faecal microbiota. (Mitsou et al., 2009) 1. Materials Methods 1.1 Subjects Sixty-four healthy adult volunteers (26 men and 38 women) aged 22-51 years (mean age: 33 years) enrolled. Elimination criteria were a history of gastrointestinal disease and chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes, hyperlipidemia, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases), a history of extreme dietary behaviors, epileptic seizures, consumption of antibiotics and other medication 2 months prior and during the investigation period. Smoking patterns were recorded prior to the study. 1.2 Feeding regime Placebo food was a commercial dessert (jelly, lemon flavored) in powder form containing 86 g sugar, 10 g gelatin, 2.20 g citric acid, 1 g sodium citrate, 0.5 g flavors and 0.3 g colors per 100 g of product. Experimental functional food (jelly) provided additionally 15 g sc-FOS and 0.9 g S. euboea extract per 100 g of product (respectively, 5 g and 0.3 g per jelly portion daily). Powder from aqueous extract of S. euboea was produced using a spray drier. The sc-FOS tested was Actilight ® 950P, a mixture of FOS comprising 37% 1-kestose (GF2), 53% nystose (GF3) and 10% 1F-ÃŽÂ ²-fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4) (Bà ©ghin Meiji Industries, Neuilly sur Seine, France). Jotis S.A. Food Industry provided both the placebo and experimental food product. The experimental and placebo food were supplied in a powder form (100-g packages) and volunteers were asked to prepare 3 portions of jelly per 100-g package according to manufacturers instructions. Subjects were free to eat one portion of the jelly at any time of day. 1.3 Experimental design Subjects were instructed to preserve their usual diet and fluid intake during the study with the exception of additional prebiotics and probiotic supplements. Volunteers were assessed for restriction of probiotic and prebiotic consumption during a period of two weeksprior to the intervention. One pre-treatment faecal sample was taken before treatment period begun (day 0). During the intervention, subjects were randomly assigned to two groups according to feeding regime (placebo group, sc-FOS+extract group) and consumed, respectively, one portion of placebo or experimental jelly daily for 30 d. Neither the subjects nor the researchers were informed about the type of jelly ingested (doubleblinded). Faecal samples were obtained after 2 weeks (day 15) and 4 weeks (day 30) of the treatment period. Stool sampling took place also at the end of the follow-up period, 2 weeks after the dietary intervention (day 45). 1.4 Gastrointestinal symptoms Gastrointestinal side effects were evaluated during the treatment period (day 1-15 and day 16-30) using a daily questionnaire in which symptoms (i.e. abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence) were marked from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms). The 15-d symptom score (sum of symptom intensity during a 15-d period) was graded as 0 = no symptoms, 1-15 = mild symptoms, 16-30 = moderate symptoms and 31-45 = severe symptoms with possible range for each 15-d symptom score estimated at 0-45 and for total symptom score at 0-135. 1.5 Sample collection Faecal specimens were collected rapidly into sterile plastic containers and transferred under anaerobic conditions (GΆ¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ bag anaer, 45534 Biomà ©rieux ® SA, Marcy-lEtoile, France), to a laboratory for microbiological analysis. 1.6 Bacterial enumeration Approximately 1 g of the specimenwasweighed and diluted in 9-ml pre-reduced peptone physiological saline (PPS), containing 0.1% bacteriological peptone (OXOID Basingstoke, Hamshire, England) and 0.85%NaCl. After homogenization, serial 10-fold dilutions of the homogenateswere performed in PPS under anaerobic environment (BACTRONà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 1.5 Anaerobic Environmental Chamber, SHELLAB, Cornelius, Oregon). Columbia blood agar was used for the enumeration of the total mesophilic aerobic and anaerobic microflora (incubation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 37  °C for 48 h). Enumeration of total coliforms and E. coli was performed on Chromocult ® Coliform agar (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and bacterial counts of enterococci were performed on Slanetz and Bartley medium (LabM Limited, Lancashire, UK) after aerobic incubation at 37  °C for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Rogosa agar (Merck KGaA) and Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobe agar (OXOID), supplemented with 5% (v/v) defibrina ted horse blood and G-N anaerobe selective supplement (OXOID),were used for the enumeration of Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp. respectively, after anaerobic incubation at 37 °C for 48 h. Clostridium perfringens was enumerated on Perfringens agar (LabM Limited) supplemented with D-cycloserine (400 mg/L) (LabM Limited) after 24-h anaerobic incubation at 37 °C. Finally, Beerens agar was used for the enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp. (anaerobic incubation at 37 °C for 72 h). Bacteria were characterized on the basis of colony appearance, Grams stain, catalase reaction and cell morphology. Since Rogosa and Beerens agars are likely to support growth of non-Lactobacillus and non-Bifidobacterium species respectively one representative isolate from each colony phenotype in these media was further identified to the genus level by molecular methods as described previously. Colony counts were obtained and expressed as a log10 of the colony forming units (CFUs)/g fresh faeces. 1.7 Statistics Bacterial counts between the feeding groups at each sampling time (day 0, 15, 30 and 45) prospectively were compared using repeated measures ANOVA (RM-ANOVA) for parametric and the Friedman test for non-parametric data, after age adjustment and Bonferronis adjustment for multiplicity. Bacterial counts into each group were compared prospectively using paired-samples t test for parametric and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test for non-parametric data. Comparison of colonization levels was based on log10 transformation of viable bacterial counts. Correlations between initial bifidobacterial levels and increases in bifidobacteria counts in sc-FOS+extract group at day 15 and 30 were tested by the Spearman correlation and a linear regression analysis was performed for the best prediction of the dependent variable. Digestive symptom intensity was expressed as a 15-d score (day 1-15 and day 16-30) as well as the number of evacuations, watery stools and diarrheic days. Comparisons between study groups and intragroup analysis were performed by the Friedman test for nonparametric data, after age adjustment and Bonferronis adjustment for multiplicity. The statistical analysis of the results was performed by the software program SPSS ® for Windows Release 11.5 and the significance threshold was set at 5% (P 2. Results Fifty-two volunteers (23 men and 29 women) aged 23-50 years (mean age: 34 years) managed to complete the study. Dropoutwas due to antibiotic consumption during the investigation period. According to randomized design of the study, 23 volunteers ingested the placebo and 29 volunteers consumed the experimental jelly. No significant differences were detected between the placebo and the sc-FOS+extract groups in terms of age (mean age: 33.78 years vs. 34.28 years), sex distribution (10 men and 13 women vs. 13 men and 16 women) or smoking patterns (13 non smokers and 10 smokers vs. 20 non smokers and 9 smokers), respectively. 2.1 Bacterial populations In thewhole study population, no differences in intestinalmicroflora were observed between smokers and non smokers, while genderspecific comparisons revealed higher initial total anaerobe bacterial (9.56 ±0.46 vs. 9.26 ±0.61 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.047) and bifidobacterial levels (8.87 ±1.37 vs. 8.19 ±1.83 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.007) in females than males. Overall, no significant differences were observed in viable counts of aerobes between the two feeding groups (Table 1). A trend towards lower levels of total aerobes at day 30 (8.13 ±0.96 vs. 8.61 ±0.92 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.077), which turned into a significant difference at day 45 was observed in functional food group compared to the placebo. Bacterial levels of total coliforms and E. coli were statistically different between the placebo and sc-FOS+extract groups at day 30, while group-specific analysis revealed higher levels of total coliforms and E. coli only for the placebo regime at day 30 compared to the baseline and day 15. Enterococci counts were not significantly influenced by the ingestion of the functional jelly compared to placebo during the study period. In sc-FOS+extract group, enterococci were significantly decreased after 30 d of ingestion (6.77 ±1.29 vs. 6.29 ±1.24 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.038) compared to the baseline. No significant overall viable counts differences were detected between the study groups in the case of total anaerobe mesophilic microflora, Bacteroides spp., Lactobacillus spp. and C. perfringens (Table 1). Total anaerobes were estimated in comparable densities in the two study groups during the entire research period. Higher levels of total anaerobes were detected in the functional food group at day 15 (9.87 ±0.58 vs. 9.38 ±0.56 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.001) and day 45 (9.66 ±0.62 vs. 9.38 ±0.56 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.015) compared to pre-treatment counts. Bacteroides and lactobacilli did not demonstrate significant differences at any sampling time between the feeding groups. Increased Bacteroides population was detected in sc-FOS+ extract group after 15 d of consumption and two weeks after the end of the nutritional intervention compared to initial counts (8.71 ±0.54 vs. 8.30 ±0.81 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.010 and 8.80 ±0.60 vs. 8.30 ±0.81 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.002, respectively). Ingestion of the experimental food in comparison to placebo was related to a trend for lower levels of C. perfringens at day 15 (4.16 ±1.24 vs. 4.78 ±1.23 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.065). Analysis of bacterial counts demonstrated an overall significant effect of feeding regime in Bifidobacterium spp. levels (Table 1). The enumeration data presented a significant bifidogenic effect of the functional food preparation compared to the placebo after 15 and 30 d of consumption and a non-significant higher level of faecal bifidobacteria in this group 2 weeks after the end of ingestion. Furthermore,faecal bifidobacteria counts were significantly higher at 15 (9.54 ± 0.83 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.002) and 30 d of intervention (9.34 ±1.04 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.027) and two weeks after the treatmentperiod (9.33 ±0.61 log10CFU/g faeces, P = 0.015) in the sc-FOS+extract group, compared to pre-treatment levels (8.79 ±0.93 log10CFU/g faeces). During the 15 and 30 d of dietary intervention, respectively 24 and 21 cases of healthy volunteers consuming the experimental jelly gave increased bifidobacterial counts, with mean increase being estimated at 1.06 log10CFU/g faeces and 1.14 log10CFU/g faeces for two and four weeks of intervention. Figs. 2 and 3 indicate a correlation between initial levels of bifidobacteria and positive change in these bacterial populations after 15 (R2 = 0.747, P = 0.000) and 30 d (R2 = 0.712, P = 0.000) of functional food consumption. Subjects with lower baseline bifidobacterial counts gave larger increase on ingestion of experimental jelly. 2.2 Gastrointestinal symptoms No significant differences were observed for gastrointestinal symptoms and characteristics of evacuation during the 30 d of dietary intervention (Table 2). During the first two weeks of the study, a trend for greater flatulence score (6.88 ±6.94 vs. 3.57 ±4.72, P = 0.070) was observed in functional food group and five cases of moderate flatulence symptoms were reported in this group instead of none in the control group. Table 1 Faecal bacterial countsa (log10CFU/g faeces) in sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract group (n = 29) and placebo group (n = 23) during the 30-d dietary intervention and 2-week posttreatment period. aAll values are mean ±S.D.; CFU, colony forming units; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. b-fSignificantly different from placebo: bP = 0.042, cP = 0.018, dP = 0.040, eP = 0.001, fP = 0.027; gSignificantly different from baseline (day 0) (P Figure 2. Correlation between the initial levels of bifidobacteria and increase in bifidobacteria after consumption of a jelly containing sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract for 15 d. Bacterial counts are expressed as log10CFU/g faeces; CFU, colony forming units; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. Figure 3. Correlation between the initial levels of bifidobacteria and increase in bifidobacteria after consumption of a jelly containing sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract for 30 d. Bacterial counts are expressed as log10CFU/g faeces; CFU, colony forming units; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. Table 2 Gastrointestinal symptoms and characteristics of evacuations in sc-FOS+Sideritis euboea extract group (n = 29) and placebo group (n = 23) during the study (0-15 and 16-30 d).a Symptom intensity was graded as 0 = no symptoms, 1-15 = mild symptoms, 16-30 = moderate symptoms and 31-45 = severe symptoms. The possible range for each 15-d symptom score is 0-15 and for total symptom score 0-135. a All values are mean ±S.D.; sc-FOS, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. 3. Discussion Results indicated a significant bifidogenic effect of the experimental jelly during the intervention. Differences in levels of total coliforms/E. coli and total aerobes were detected between the two feeding groups at day 30 and 45, respectively. Total anaerobes, lactobacilli, Bacteroides spp. C. perfringens and enterococci were not significantly influenced by the ingestion of the functional food compared to placebo during the study period. The present study demonstrated a strong and selective stimulation of bifidogenesis in healthy volunteers after 2- and 4-week consumption of an experimental jelly compared to the placebo. In our study, high levels of bifidobacteria persisted within the sc-FOS+extract group two weeks after the end of the intervention, a finding that proposes an extended prebiotic effect of sc-FOS. Another results indicated a decrease in total aerobes in sc-FOS+ extract group compared to the control group two weeks after the end of intervention and no significant differences in enterococci counts throughout the entire study period. Previous data from studies that used culture-based enumeration techniques proposed no significant effects of both inulin and oligofructose consumption on total viable counts of aerobes and an unexplained transient increase in aerobic microflora after ingestion of 4 g sc-FOS. A significant difference in enterobacterial counts between the two dietary groups was detected at the cessation of the 30-d intervention, which could be attributed rather to the significant increase of total coliforms and E. coli densities in the control group. Bacterial counts for Enterobacteriaceae were not significantly affected by the ingestion of sc-FOS, such as Actilight and Neosugar. Analysis of digestive symptoms indicated that, compared to placebo, consumption of the experimental functional jelly related only with a trend for greater flatulence during the first two weeks of dietary intervention. A 7-d ingestion of sc-FOS correlated with minor bloating at doses from 2.5-10 g/d and with excess flatus at 20 g/d In general, excess flatus and/or bloating are the most common gastrointestinal symptoms during sc-FOS ingestion, but they are usually characterized as limited and very mild. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the prebiotic potential of a jelly containing sc-FOS and S. euboea extract in healthy volunteers. The product was well-tolerated, with no severe gastrointestinal side effects. Future applications of the experimental food could be focused on people with abnormal intestinal microbiota. Experimental 2 Fructooligosaccharide fortification of selected fruit juice beverages: Effect on the quality characteristics (Renuka et al., 2009) 1. Materials Methods 1.1 Preparation of FOS syrup FOS was produced by the transfructosylation of sucrose using FTase enzyme obtained by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154 1.2 Preparation of fruit juice beverages Ripe pineapple, mango and orange fruits were procured from the local fruit market. The fruits were washed, peeled, crushed and passed through pulper to obtain pulp. In case of oranges, the fruits were peeled and passed through a screw type juice extractor to obtain orange juice. Based on the initial sucrose content of each of the three fruit pulp/juice, sugar syrups were prepared by mixing 135, 35, and 195 g of sucrose in 5847, 5947, and 5947 g of water for pineapple, mango, and orange fruit juices respectively to achieve uniform sweetness. To each of the sugar syrups prepared, citric acid (18 g), FOS syrup (2000 g) and respective fruit pulp/juice (2000 g) were added. The prepared fruit juice beverages were heated to 90 and hot filled into presterilized bottles and were allowed to cool. Another set of fruit juice beverages containing only sucrose without any added FOS was prepared and used as control. 1.3 Characterization and storage studies of fruit juice beverages Fruit juice beverages were stored at ambient (25  ± 2 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C) and refrigeration (4 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C) temperature for 6 months and were analyzed for colour, changes in the FOS content, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, pH and sensory qualities at regular intervals of 2 months. 1.4 FOS content A known volume of fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was filtered through 0.45 m cellulose nitrate filter (Millipore India Pvt ltd.) and appropriately diluted with triple distilled water and analyzed by HPLC. 1.5 Sensory evaluation Sensory evaluation was carried out by hedonic scale consisting of 10 points (1-10), where 9-10 = excellent, 7-8 = very good, 5- 6 = good, 3-4 = fair, 1-2 = poor. An internal panel of seven expert members evaluated the products for colour, appearance, taste/flavour, mouth feel and overall acceptability. 2. Results and discussion 2.1. Retention of FOS in the fortified fruit juice beverages Figure. 4 presents retention of FOS in the fortified fruit juice beverages as a function of storage time. At the end of 6 months of storage, a significant amount of FOS was retained in the fruit juice beverages stored at refrigeration temperature in comparison with those stored at ambient temperatures. There was a noticeable change in the acceptable quality characteristics after 4 months storage at ambient temperature. Fruit juice beverages in general are fast moving commodity and generally do not remain unsold for more than 2-4 months. Thus, the present study clearly indicates that fruit juice beverages can successfully be fortified with FOS with existence of 4 months at ambient temperature. Figure 4. Effect of storage period on FOS content (g/100 g) of fruit juice beverages. : Pineapple, : Mango and : Orange juices fortified with FOS. 2.2. Characterization of fruit juice beverages during storage The changes in pH, TSS ( à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Brix), and titratable acidity of the fruit juice beverages, when analyzed using ANOVA were not statistically significant at the 5% level between time zero (initial) and 180 days (6 months) of storage at ambient and refrigeration temperature. The pH of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS was in the range of 3.23-3.57 as against the control (3.30-3.82). Similar observations with respect to the changes in pH as a function of storage time and temperature have been made. TSS ( à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Brix) of the fruit juice beverages varied from 15 to 16 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ Brix and was stable throughout the storage period (4 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C 25  ± 2 à  Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ C). The stability of the TSS could be due to the heat treatment prior to storage. Titratable acidity of fruit juice beverages varied from 0.23 to 0.35 g citric acid/100 mL juice. The acidity was fairly constant throughout the storage. The fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS have stability over storage and the beverages kept all the good sensorial properties, as compared to control. Results also showed that there was no visible change (Pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0.05) in the colour during storage. 2.3. Sensory evaluation No significant changes were detected in the overall quality of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS in comparison with that of control by the panelists after 4 months of storage at ambient temperature (Table 3). Sensory qualities of the fruit juice beverages stored at ambient and refrigerated temperature was studied on the basis of the consideration that a minimally acceptable product should be equivalent to rating 5 (colour, consistency, taste, flavour and overall quality) of its sensory quality. Fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS were found to be acceptable up to 4 and 6 months based on the evaluation of overall quality at ambient and refrigeration temperature respectively. 3. Conclusion The changes in the present day consumers life style have led to a vital change in the marketing trends of food sector. Todays consumer being more health conscious is seeking products with greater health benefits and there is a great demand for health foods. The present study showed that fruit juice beverages can fortified with FOS with existence of 4 months and 6 months at ambient and refrigeration temperature respectively. There were no undesirable changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS. Overall quality of the fruit juice beverages fortified with FOS for 4 months of storage at ambient temperature was acceptable as indicated by sensory analysis. Constant pH, TSS, TA and viscosity of fruit juice beverages clearly indicates that there is no spoilage either due to microbial or enzymatic reaction.